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十六、马拉松运动的基本常识Common sense about marathon
1.为什么参加马拉松赛前要进行体检？
Why physical examination is necessary before marathon race?
马拉松赛必须在医务监督的基础上进行，才能使这项运动健康地发展，确保参赛者的身体健康，同时提高健康水平，也能有效地防止意外事故的发生。参赛者必须首先进行严格的身体全面检查，身体合格后才能报名。专家忠告马拉松赛的爱好者，凡患有肝炎、心脏病、高血压，糖尿病及其它不适宜参加马拉松赛病 症的人，应该坚决不参加比赛。凡暂时患病者，例如感冒、发烧、心动过速、过度疲劳、心脏有病理性杂音、心电图有异常或外伤未愈等情况的人，也不能参加比赛。
Marathon should be conducted under the supervision of medical staff, only based on which marathon can develop healthily and improves people’s health while ensuring the safety of participants and preventing accidents. Participants must firstly have a strict and comprehensive physical examination and then register after making sure health condition is suitable for marathon. Experts strongly advice that people suffering from hepatitis, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other diseases improper for marathon must not participate marathon race. Others suffering from temporal diseases such as cold, fever, tachycardia, over fatigue, pathological murmurs of heart, abnormal electrocardiogram, unhealed trauma, etc, must not participate in the race.
2.为什么赛前要排空大小便？
Why a thorough defecation before race is necessary?
食物通过胃肠的消化，营养成分被身体吸收了，剩下的残渣就结成了粪便。身体内多余的水分，加上肌肉和血液中代谢的废物，通过肾脏的过滤，形成了尿液。由于这些代谢废物在直肠和膀胱内积存，增加了身体的重量和负担，使人运动时不轻松。此外，膀胱壁很薄，被尿液充满后，容易受到运动中意外的碰撞而发生破裂，造成严重的后果。因此，在比赛前排空大小便是很有必要的。
After being digested by the stomach and intestine, nutrition has been absorbed while the residues become excrement. Redundant water in the body mingled with wastes from muscles and blood is filtered by kidney and then becomes urine. Those waste accumulated in rectum and bladder add weight and burden to body, which makes movement uneasy. Besides, the bladder wall is so thin that it may be broken up when collision occurs during the movement if it is full of urine. Accordingly, it is necessary to have a thorough defecation before the race.
3.为什么赛前要做好充分的准备活动？
Why is sufficient warming-up exercise necessary before the race?
马拉松运动是一项长距离有氧运动，比赛前必须刺激运动中枢神经的兴奋度，使身体各系统、器官（肌肉、血液系统、呼吸系统、运动系统）之间建立一定的协调性，而这一切必须通过循序渐进的准备活动才能达到。通过准备活动，使人体体温升高，肌肉的协调性、伸展性和弹性会得到提高，而肌肉的粘滞性则会降低。因此，只有做好充分的准备活动，才能适应比赛的需要，更好地进入运动状态，避免运动损伤和意外的发生。
Marathon is a long-distance aerobic movement. Before the race, motor nervous must be excited in order to establish a coherence among all physical systems and organs (muscle, blood system, respiratory system, motor system), which can only be achieved by a gradual warning-up exercise. Warning-up exercise helps to raise the body temperature, coordination, extensibility and elasticity of muscles, and to reduce the viscosity of muscles. So a sufficient warming-up exercise helps the body adjust to the race and get into a better state of motion, and prevents injury and accidents.
4.如何消除比赛前的紧张情绪？
How to remove nervous emotion before the race?
有些人参加马拉松比赛难免会产生一些不必要的紧张，主要表现为临近比赛情绪紧张、提早兴奋、坐立不安、睡眠不好、多汗、尿频等。由于过度兴奋、情绪紧张加上休息不好等原因，造成神经能量和体力消耗过大，到比赛时就容易疲劳，从而影响比赛的发挥和成绩。消除赛前的紧张情绪一般可采用转移兴奋点的方法，可以在赛前进行一些其他有益身心健康的比较平静、舒缓的活动，如看书、下棋、垂钓和散步等，也可采用按摩等方法，消除赛前紧张状态。
Some participants feel inevitably an unnecessary nervous emotion before the race. The main symptoms include emotional stress, premature excitement, fidgeting, insomnia, hyperhidrosis, frequent urination, etc.. Over excitement, emotional stress and a bad rest combined cause an over consumption of nerve energy and stamina, and a tendency to fatigue before the race, thus performance and result will be influence. Generally, methods to transfer the excitement can be employed to remove the pre-match emotional stress. For example, some quiet and slow activities such as reading, playing chess, fishing and walking can helpful. Massage is also helpful for eliminating the emotional stress.
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发表于 2017-10-30 22:39
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