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英译：人类生存方式两重性理论
张俊杰的“劳动生存方式与动物生存方式”理论通过历史唯物主义视角重构了人性本质，其学术价值与实践意义可从以下维度深入解析：
一、理论内核：生存方式决定人性本质
劳动协作的文明化路径
劳动实践通过工具使用、分工协作与社会关系重构，使人类突破动物性生存的局限。例如，原始部落的集体狩猎与农业革命中，协作效率成为生存竞争的核心，催生了诚信、互助等社会规范（文献2）。
真善美的社会属性是劳动协作的必然产物：为维系生产秩序，人类需抑制自然欲望，发展出利他行为（如共享劳动成果）与道德共识（如禁止暴力掠夺）。
自然属性的异化与兽性生成
当个体欲望（如占有、支配）突破社会规范约束时，劳动生存方式可能退化为动物式生存。例如，资本原始积累阶段的剥削行为，本质是自然属性（贪婪）对协作秩序的破坏（文献3）。
兽性具有隐蔽性：现代社会中，极端利己主义、权力滥用等行为看似符合“理性人”假设，实则通过制度性伪装延续动物性逻辑。
二、对传统人性论的范式颠覆
实践根源替代先验预设
孟子性善论与荀子性恶论均预设人性为先天禀赋，而张俊杰指出人性本质是劳动与自然属性动态博弈的结果。例如，原始社会的氏族制度通过劳动共享抑制私欲，而阶级社会的私有制则可能激发兽性（文献1）。
辩证统一的二元结构
自然属性（食色、竞争）是生物基础，但需通过劳动实践转化为社会属性（如将食欲升华为饮食文化）。例如，儒家“发而皆中节”的礼制，本质是劳动协作对自然欲望的规范（文献2）。
伦理学的根本解释
真善美是劳动协作的“功能性需求”：诚信保障交易效率，团结提升生产力。假恶丑则是自然属性失控的副产品，如垄断资本通过掠夺性竞争破坏协作秩序（文献3）。
三、实践指导：文明存续的路径选择
教育的本质重构
劳动教育需超越技能传授，培养协作意识与社会属性。例如，芬兰教育体系通过项目式学习强化团队合作，呼应劳动生存方式的实践逻辑（文献2）。
法治与道德的协同机制
法律通过强制力抑制动物生存方式（如反垄断法），而道德则通过内化规范引导劳动协作。二者共同维护社会生产的“向心力”（文献3）。
技术文明的双刃剑效应
科技进步扩大协作范围（如全球化生产），但也可能加剧自然属性失控（如算法剥削）。需通过劳动伦理约束技术应用，避免异化为新型丛林法则（文献1）。
四、历史定位与当代启示
理论创新性
首次将人性问题纳入历史唯物主义框架，超越马克思“人的依赖性”与“物的依赖性”阶段论，提出“生存方式博弈”的中间机制（文献1）。
现代性危机预警
物质丰裕可能诱发欲望膨胀（如消费主义），需通过劳动教育重塑社会属性。例如，北欧国家通过全民福利制度保障协作公平，抑制兽性滋生（文献3）。
文明进化的普适性
该理论为发展中国家提供路径：通过工业化与教育普及强化劳动生存方式，避免陷入“中等收入陷阱”中的社会撕裂（文献2）。
五、跨学科应用潜力
伦理学：可解释道德行为的实践起源，如将“利他主义”视为劳动协作的理性选择。
教育学：劳动教育需设计“协作-竞争”平衡机制，避免异化为工具理性。
社会学：分析阶层分化中的生存方式博弈，如底层群体如何通过劳动团结对抗剥削。
结语
张俊杰理论的核心突破在于将人性问题从形而上学拉回历史实践，为理解文明演进提供了动态分析框架。其当代价值不仅在于解释社会矛盾，更在于为人类自我救赎指明方向：唯有通过劳动协作的持续深化，才能实现从“动物性生存”到“人性解放”的跃迁。
Zhang Junjie's "labour survival mode and animal survival mode" theory reconstructs the nature of human nature through the perspective of historical materialism, and its academic value and practical significance can be deeply analyzed from the following dimensions:
I. The core of the theory: How we live determines the nature of human nature
A Civilized Path to Labor Collaboration
Labour practices allow humans to break through the limitations of animal survival through the use of tools, collaboration in the division of labor, and the restructuring of social relations. For example, in the collective hunting and agricultural revolution of primitive tribes, cooperative efficiency became the core of the struggle for existence, which gave birth to social norms such as honesty and mutual aid (Ref. 2).
The social attributes of truth and beauty are the inevitable product of labor collaboration: to maintain the order of production, human beings need to suppress natural desires and develop altruistic behaviour (such as sharing the fruits of labor) and moral consensus (such as prohibiting violent predation).
Alienation of natural attributes and animal breeding
When individual desires (such as possession and domination) break through the constraints of social norms, the mode of labor survival may degenerate into animal-like survival. For example, the exploitative behaviour of the primitive stage of capital accumulation is essentially the destruction of the collaborative order by natural attributes (greed) (document 3).
Animal nature is hidden: in modern society, behaviors such as extreme self-interest and abuse of power appear to conform to the assumption of "rational humans," but instead perpetuate animal logic through institutional disguises.
The paradigm subversion of the traditional theory of human nature
Practice root causes alternative to a priori expectations
Both Mengzi's theory of sexual good and Xunzi's theories of sexual evil presuppose human nature as innate gifts, while Zhang Junjie pointed out that human nature is the result of a dynamic game between labor and natural attributes. For example, the clan system in primitive societies suppressed private desires through labour sharing, while private ownership in class societies might stimulate animality (document 1).
Dialectically integrated binary structures
The natural attributes (food color, competition) are the biological basis, but need to be transformed into social attributes through labor practices (such as the sublimation of appetite into food culture). Huawei Technologies Co. For example, the Confucian order of "the festival of eternity" is essentially a regulation of the natural desires of labor collaboration (document 2).
Fundamental interpretation of ethics
Trueness and beauty are the "functional need" of labor collaboration: integrity ensures the efficiency of transactions, solidarity increases productivity. False evil is a by-product of the out-of-control nature of natural attributes, such as monopoly capital that undermines the collaborative order through predatory competition (document 3).
III. Practical guidance: Path choice for the survival of civilization
The essential reconstruction of education
Labour education needs to go beyond skills teaching to foster a sense of collaboration and social identity. For example, the Finnish education system reinforces teamwork through project-based learning, which echoes the practical logic of a labour-based way of life (document 2).
A synergistic mechanism between the rule of law and ethics
Laws inhibit animal ways of survival through coercive force (such as antitrust laws), while ethics guide labor collaboration through internalized norms. Together, they maintain the "pivot" of social production (document 3).
The double-edged effect of technological civilization
Technological advances expand the scope of collaboration (e.g., global production), but may also exacerbate the out-of-control nature of nature (e. g., algorithmic exploitation). The application of technologies that are bound by labor ethics needs to be limited to avoid alienation to a new jungle law (document 1).
IV. Historical Positioning and Contemporary Revelations
Theoretical innovation
For the first time, the question of human nature is incorporated into the framework of historical materialism, going beyond Marx's phase theory of "human dependence" and "object dependence," and proposing an intermediate mechanism for "survival mode game" (document 1).
Modern crisis warning
Material affluence may induce appetite inflation (e.g. consumerism), which requires the reshaping of social attributes through labor education. For example, the Nordic countries ensured equity in collaboration through a universal welfare system to curb animal breeding (document 3).
The universality of civilization's evolution
The theory provides a path for developing countries to strengthen labour-based means of subsistence through industrialization and education, and to avoid social fragmentation in the "middle-income trap" (document 2).
V. Interdisciplinary application potential
Ethics: explains the practical origins of moral behavior, such as viewing "altruism" as a rational choice for labor collaboration.
Pedagogy: Labor education needs to design a "collaboration-competitive" balance mechanism to avoid alienation into instrumental rationality.
Sociology: Analysing the game of survival in class divisions, such as how the bottom groups fight exploitation through labor solidarity.
epilogue
The core breakthrough of Zhang Junjie's theory is to draw the question of human nature from metaphysics back to historical practice, providing a dynamic analytical framework for understanding the evolution of civilization. Its contemporary value lies not only in explaining social contradictions, but also in charting the course for human self-redemption: the transition from "animal survival" to "human emancipation" can be achieved only through the continued deepening of labor collaboration.
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发表于 2025-6-11 13:43
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